以语塑心与认知治理：
效果与机制研究

2024年社科学院教师学术报告会

胡悦

清华大学社会科学院政治学系

2024-06-19

研究领域

概要

• 为什么政治学要研究语言
• 为什么要提出新的语言政治理论
• 权力之下的语言效果如何塑造民众政治思维

涉及话题

• 使用普通话就会改变政治认知？
• 面对普通话高度普及,方言如何影响行为决策？
• 四十年的英语必修让中国人政治价值观更西化了吗？

语言政治学：
为什么政治学要研究语言

语言之于人类与政治

Autapomorphy

Phylogenetics (演化生物学家) 称语言为人类的“独征”(Berwick and Chomsky 2016, 54).

查理曼大帝 Charlemagne /shaar·luh·maynia/：to have a second language is to have a second soul

论语·子路：名不正，则言不顺；言不顺，则事不成；事不成，则礼乐不兴；礼乐不兴，则刑罚不中；刑罚不中，则民无所措手足。故君子名之必可言也，言之必可行也。君子于其言，无所苟而已矣。

汉·扬雄《法言·问神》：“故言，心声也；书，心画也。声画形，君子小人见矣……故言，心声也。书，心画也。声画形，君子小人见矣！声画者，君子小人之所以动情乎！”

语言政治学的艰难探索

• Gender: German and spanish have different gender in language about e.g., sun and moon. Bridge in German is feminine, so using adj. like beautiful, elegant, while the term is masculine in Spanish, so using adj. like strong and long

官方语言场域：
为什么提出新理论

既有理论的局限与风险

语言原生性 + 整体性

• 文化族群内部差异？
• 权力在哪里？
• 语言学习？
• So what？

⇓

官方语言（Official language）
+
语言政策场域（language field）

The ethnolinguistic theory’s integral view hinders the exploration of how different language functions—such as listening, speaking, and understanding—uniquely influence political cognition and preferences. The empirical findings in this chapter reveal distinct effects, underscoring the need for an alternative theoretical approach to explain these observations and fill the gaps left by the ethnolinguistic perspective.

权力背书下的语言效果

Governed 👂 & 👅:
塑造政治思维的语言效果

以中国为案例

• listeining 东中西

• speaking 北中南

• 大部分同向不同效

• migrant，minority不同向

• prov层级很多差别方向

语言效果研究 (胡悦 2024)

• 来源: CGSS 2010–2015
• 解释变量
  • 普通话听力水平 → 暴露效应
  • 普通话表达水平 → 表达效应
  • 普通话“相对”水平 → 竞争效应
    \[\Delta_{s_{ik}} = s_{ik} - \bar{s}_k,\]

• 控制变量
  • 教育、年龄、民族
  • 性别、家庭收入
  • 党员身份、城乡身份、媒体习惯
  • 地缘差异与抽样波次差异
• 模型
  • MLM, GAM w. fixed effect

效果发现

• 谁说语言没力量
• 听力水平高者亲近政府
• 表达水平高者自主性强
• 相对水平高者自感更佳

语言效果的机制分析 (Hu 2020a)

2016.12 – 2017.01

421 high school students

Shuffle Response: 假设你一个同学家楼下是底商。本月初发现楼底下有极大的噪音，请专人测量确实噪音已经超出了规定范围。调查发现底商中央空调的压缩机产生的。为了解决这个问题，这位同学的家长打电话给12345市民服务热线，先后被转到物管办和住建委。录音记录了他们的回应。

Recrimination: 一天，一名早点摊摊主来你这里对城市管理人员执法进行投诉。

机制发现

• 普通话街头官僚更令人亲近
• 对不信任者作用更明显
• 无背书，无效果

机制条件性

• Response: cell phone selection (friends)
• Recrimination: traffic accident (private car drivers)

方言研究 (Hu and Pizzi 2022)

方言作用

方言选择是潜意识行为；方言与普通话共同作用于流动偏好

英语习得研究 (胡悦 and 朱萌 2022)

习得效果

• 增强自主性，削弱政治信任
• 听力双路径，说单路径，且均为正
• 政治主效应是负的，且sensitive

小结

• Governed ears and tongues → 合法性 + 现代性
• 语言政策的治理效能

人类”独征”的魔盒仍待破解, 却无时无刻不在影响着所有人

• 读写方向效果 (Hu 2020b)
• 国际政治认知 (Hu and Liu 2020)
• 适应中国场景 (胡悦 2024; 胡悦 and 朱萌 2022, 2024)
• 生物基础与行为效果
• ……

参考文献

Berwick, Robert C., and Noam Chomsky. 2016. Why Only Us: Language and Evolution. MIT Press.

Hu, Yue. 2020a. “Culture Marker Versus Authority Marker: How Do Language Attitudes Affect Political Trust?” Political Psychology 41 (4): 699–716. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12646.

———. 2020b. “Refocusing Democracy: The Chinese Government’s Framing Strategy in Political Language.” Democratization 72 (2): 302–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2019.1690461.

Hu, Yue, and Amy H. Liu. 2020. “The Effects of Foreign Language Proficiency on Public Attitudes: Evidence from the Chinese-Speaking World.” Journal of East Asian Studies 20 (1): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/jea.2019.41.

Hu, Yue, and Elise Pizzi. 2022. “Breaking Through the Language Barrier: The Role of Language Policy in Migration Decisions.” China: An International Journal 20 (3): 23–51. https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2022.0022.

胡悦. 2024. “语言认知治理效能与机制研究.” 语言文字应用, 接受待刊.

胡悦, and 朱萌. 2022. “以语塑心与国民治理：外语习得对政治认知能力的塑造机制研究.” 治理研究 38 (04): 51–65+125. https://doi.org/10.15944/j.cnki.33-1010/d.2022.04.007.

———. 2024. “以语行治：语言治理在国家治理中的功能与路径.” 江苏社会科学, 接受待刊.

感谢倾听，敬请指正

  sammo3182

  yuehu@tsinghua.edu.cn

  https://www.drhuyue.site

附录

文化语言理论：语言相对主义

Lera Boro/dit/sky (born c.1976) is a cognitive scientist and professor in the fields of language and cognition. She is one of the main contributors to the theory of linguistic relativity.[2] She is a Searle Scholar, a McDonnell Scholar, recipient of a National Science Foundation Career award, and an American Psychological Association Distinguished Scientist.[3] She is Professor of Cognitive Science at the University of California, San Diego. She previously served on the faculty at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and at Stanford.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lera_Boroditsky

• Subject: In English, “he broke the vase.” The subject is emphasized. In other language, you can only say “the vase is broken”—the event is emphasized. In English, you can say “I broke my arm” but not in other language, like Spanish unless you intentionally do it. So the former speaker remember (and thus blame) the subject of an event better while the latter remember the event content better

案例选取：中国

• 语言与民族的不重合性

Special lingo-ethnic environment: Left is language, right is enthnicity

案例选取：中国

• 语言与民族的不重合性
• 语言分布的非地缘性

案例选取：中国

• 语言与民族的不重合性
• 语言分布的非地缘性
• 语言政策的不间断性

广州市高第路小学少先队说普通话服务台在为同学们服务（新华社发）

https://www.gov.cn/lssdjt/content_1799191.htm#:~:text=%EF%BC%91%EF%BC%99%EF%BC%95%EF%BC%96%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%92%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%96%E6%97%A5%EF%BC%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E5%8F%91%E5%B8%83%E3%80%8A%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E6%8E%A8%E5%B9%BF%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%9D%E7%9A%84%E6%8C%87%E7%A4%BA%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4%E5%86%85%E6%8E%A8%E5%B9%BF%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%9D%E3%80%82%20%E3%80%8A%E6%8C%87%E7%A4%BA%E3%80%8B%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%E5%BC%8F%E7%A1%AE%E5%AE%9A%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%9D%E2%80%9C%E4%BB%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E4%B8%BA%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E9%9F%B3%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%A5%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%9D%E4%B8%BA%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%A5%E5%85%B8%E8%8C%83%E7%9A%84%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E7%99%BD%E8%AF%9D%E6%96%87%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%BA%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E2%80%9D%E3%80%82,%E5%90%8C%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%92%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%91%EF%BC%90%E6%97%A5%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%8E%A8%E5%B9%BF%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%9D%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%9C%A8%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B%E3%80%82%20%E4%BB%8E%EF%BC%91%EF%BC%99%EF%BC%99%EF%BC%98%E5%B9%B4%E8%B5%B7%EF%BC%8C%E6%AF%8F%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%99%E6%9C%88%E4%BB%BD%E7%9A%84%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%91%A8%E4%B8%BA%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E6%8E%A8%E5%B9%BF%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%9D%E5%AE%A3%E4%BC%A0%E5%91%A8%E3%80%82

Over sixty years

CGSS available

Take-Home Points

• 官方语言：听、说、比三条路径塑造政治认知与态度
  • 合法性 & 现代性
  • 权威之声机制
• 非官方语言
  • 方言仍然具有经济和社会作用，与官方语言并行不悖
  • 英语习得作用不在价值塑造，而更在心智塑造

Descriptive statistics: Speaking

Descriptive statistics: Listening

Descriptive statistics: Dialect

Descriptive statistics: Foreign

How language shapes the way we think

By Lera Boroditsky

Additional Example of linguistic relativity: Time trend

• English speaker: left to right
• Hebrew/arabic: right to left
• Kuuk Thaayorre (Aboriginal community in Australia): they do not have “left,” “right” in language, so they will order them always east to right:
  • Facing south: left to right
  • Facing north: right to left
  • Facing east: Towards to the body

Additional Example of linguistic relativity: Counting

Counting to the last number as the total.

Some language does not have exact number, like seven

Additional Example of linguistic relativity: Color

Russian have two words for blue. When looking at the brain activity, color changing from dark to light stimuli a surprising shock.

Similarly for 煎炒烹炸, 平底鍋煎魚時用pan-fry，炒菜用stir-fry，油炸是deep-fry。

Ethnolinguistic Understanding: Linguistic Base

Key points

• Exogeneity
• Mother tongue

Ethnolinguistic Understanding: Identity Base

Key points

• Identity proxy
• Acculturation effect
  vs.
  Ethnic competition

Potential Risks of Ethnolinguistic Theory

• An underemphasis on language learning
• Ignorance of non-identity linguistic variance
• S bias

The ethnolinguistic theory’s integral view hinders the exploration of how different language functions—such as listening, speaking, and understanding—uniquely influence political cognition and preferences. The empirical findings in this chapter reveal distinct effects, underscoring the need for an alternative theoretical approach to explain these observations and fill the gaps left by the ethnolinguistic perspective.